In situ gasification of coal by gas fracturing

ABSTRACT

Two or more wells are drilled into a coal seam. The wells are completed so as to isolate all other strata from the coal seam and a radially extended horizontal fracture is directed by introduction of a first combustion supporting gas under hydraulic pressure so as to connect the wells communitively. A horizontally and vertically directed fracture network is formed within the coal system by ignition of the first combustion supporting gas. A second combustion supporting gas is subsequently injected through at least one well to form a combustion front which may be propagated through the fracture network to produce combustible gases and coal tar liquids.

[ Nov. 27, 1973 IN SITTJ GASIFICATION OF COAL BY GAS FRACTURING [75] Inventor: Vaughan W. Rhoades, Tulsa, Okla.

[73] Assignee: Cities Service Oil Company, Tulsa,

Okla.

[22] Filed: Aug. 27, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 175,602

Related US. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 50,790, June 29, 1970,

abandoned,

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 6/1933 Karrick 48/DIG. 6 5/1962 Parker 166/256 X l/1965 Santourian 166/256 X 3,292,699 12/1966 Slusser et al 166/256 X 3,497,335 2/1970 Taylor 48/210 X 3,628,929 12/1971 Glass 166/256 X Primary Examiner-Morris O. Wolk Assistant Examiner-R. E. Serwin Attorney-Joshua J. Ward et al.

[5 7] ABSTRACT Two or more wells are drilled into a coal seam. The wells are completed so as to isolate all other strata from the coal seam and a radially extended horizontal fracture is directed by introduction of a first combus tion supporting gas under hydraulic pressure so as to connect the wells communitively. A horizontally and vertically directed fracture network is formed within the coal system by ignition of the first combustion supporting gas. A second combustion supporting gas is subsequently injected through at least one well to form a combustion front which may be propagated through the fracture network to produce combustible gases and coal tar liquids.

5 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures VMENTEDNUVZY 1m 3.775.073

sum 10? 2 PAIENTED NOV 2 7 I975 SHEET 2 BF 2 1 IN SITU GASIFICA'IIONOFCOAL BY GAS FRACTURING This is a division of application Ser. No. 50,790, filed June 29, 1970, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND or THE INVENTION art, one of the better known methods being the Lurgi process developed in Germany prior to World War II. By this method, oxygenand steam are simultaneously injectedinto a fieldretort and upon combustion a .gas having acalorific value sufficient for commercial usage and coal tar liquids are produced.

The idea of underground. gasification then is not new, however, many of the technological advances are. Efforts'were mostly confined to the advancement of theory until substantial work andtesting was done in Russia. -Most of the Russian work involved considerable underground miningand construction .in" an effort to provide a passageway for air through the coal. Some efforts even involved breaking up the-coal underground to provide adequate air passages. The amount of excavation encountered in this process is tremendous. The

state of the art then progressed'to drilling holes into the coal seam and charging with dynamite. As-theburning front progressedthrough-the stratum the charges were automatically set off inan effort to break up and crush the coal and render a segmentof the-bed'more permeable. This resulted in irregularities too great to sustain continued gas flow and the gas produced contained large amountsof air, which considerably lowered the heating value-of the produced gas. :As this process is far too expensive and limited in scope, shaft and borehole mining combinations were devised which employed steeply sloping seams near outcrops- In addition to being limited exclusively to steeply pitched beds, this process also required a large amount of excavation and mining.

The chief problem, therefore, confronting the spectrum of investigatorswas the low gasification rate, that is, the rate of air injection. which directly affects the amount of gas produced. Although a coal seam contains-an appreciable amount of natural cracks and fissures, its overall permeability is quite low. This permeability is considerably below that which is-necessary to sustain combustion at rates to be of commercial interest. Consequently, without expensive underground construction, the natural air passageways within the coal bed severely limit air injection. Amajor effort has been concentrated on methods of increasing air injection rates by shaftless methods. Electrocarbonization utilizing high pressure air injection is oneef the methods which has been tested. One of the most promising techniques involves hydraulic fracturing of the coal bed, packing the fractures with sand, backward burning to establish better communication within the bed, then nomic and unfeasible by present production standards and have been discontinued before being developed into a commercial process. What is required, then, is a process which may be implemented without utilizing previously used techniques of underground excavation and tunneling. Also required is a method by which air injection rates are not restricted due to low permeability of the coal, the restrictions of fluid flow in the fracture network, and the low permeability of the remaining unburned coal behind the combustion front.

It is an object of our invention, therefore, to provide a novel method for the combustion of underground coal structure.

It is another object of our invention to provide for a method by which a network of fractures created in a coal seam may be used to allow sufficient gas injection volumes to sustain combustion in a coal seam.

It is a further object of our invention to provide a method by which flammable gas and coal tar liquids are afforded a production path by the inducement of a fracture network within a coal seam.

With these and other objects in mind, the present invention will be set forth in further detail with particular reference to the following drawings and description.

SUMMARY'OF THE INVENTION porting gas are ignited while simultaneously preventing any fluid or gas production from the coal deposit, so as to form a network of crumbled coal within the coal deposit. Continued injection of asecond combustion supporting gas into one or more wells and production of combustible gas and coal tar liquids from one or more of the wells completes the process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention is hereinafter described in further detail with particular reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 represents an injection well, as utilized in the present invention, completed within a subterranean coal deposit; and

FIG. 2 represents a cross-sectional view of a subterranean coal deposit with the process of the present invention applied thereto.

. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention describes a novel method for the; production of combustible gases and coal tar liquids by the in situ combustion of a coal bed. The process comprises the completing of wells in a coal seam,

creating a horizontal fracture in the coal seam to establish communication between the wells, igniting a first combustion supporting gas within the horizontal fracture so as to form a horizontal and vertical fractured network between the wells, injecting a second combustion supporting gas, propagating a combustion front through the coal about the injection well and recovering volatile liquids and combustible gases at the production well.

Each production well is completed in a manner so as to be in direct communication with a maximum portion of the coal bed. Casing is barely notched into the coal seam and cemented. The open or uncased hole extends to the bottom of the coal bed. The significant factor in this completion technique is that only the coal bed is left exposed at the producing wellbore. All other strata are cemented and sealed off from the producing wellbore in order that any production from the wells must come through the coal bed itself. Injection wells are cased and cemented to the center of the coal layer to enhance the fracturing operation. Configuration of injection and production wells is not a significant criteria of the present invention and therefore is not treated herein. Essentially, any well pattern combination with which horizontal communication between the wells may be effected may be utilized with the present invention. In addition, the completion technique used may consist of any of the various and sundry well isolation methods as long as the coal seam is left undamaged and remains isolated from the overburdened strata.

Formation of a horizontal fracture within the coal bed is an essential criterion of the invention for success of the entire operation. The fracture should be initiated as close to the center of the coal bed, within the injection well, as feasible and propagated through the bed of the coal seam so as to intersect the surrounding producing wells. The fracture is to provide a passageway through which combustion gas and products may flow. Fracturing out of the coal seam and into another horizon should be avoided where adjacent strata would provide a path through which the gasified products could escape, thereby preventing their recovery. The fracturing of the coal stratum is, therefore, an imperative consideration of the present invention.

The method by which horizontal fracturing of the coal seam is achieved is to introduce a liquid into the coal bed and thereby cause a hydraulic fracture network. To accurately describe the fracture growth wtihin a formation, the mechanism that controls the leakoff rate when the system is pressurized with a liquid must be approximated. Reservoir response to liquid pressure can be grouped to either of three main categories. The first category, which is the dominant factor controlling the leak-off, is the viscosity of the fracturing fluid itself. The compressibility of the fluid within the coal bed should be considered as it is significant when compared to the resistance to flow through a coal formation. The third consideration in predicting leak-off is whether there exists a substance in the fluid which will deposit on the fracture faces and thus create a significant pressure drop between the inside of the fracture and the formation so that most of the fracturing fluid will remain within the fracture. Once these factors are determined, the appropriate fracturing fluid and quantity may be chosen.

After completing the radial extending horizontal fracture, the horizontal and vertical network is created throughout the coal deposit by the introduction of a first combustion supporting gas into the horizontal fracture between the wells and thereafter igniting the coal deposit so as to form a network of crumbled coal within the coal deposit. The method of producing the fracture network within the formation is to subject the coal deposit, after the introduction of a radially extended horizontal fracture, to an excess of a first combustion supporting gas, for example oxygen. The gas forms a highly volatile or combustible combination with the hydrocarbons contained within the coal deposit. Subjecting the coal deposit to a pressure greater than the overburden pressure creates a blanket of the volatile mixture over the entire coal deposit. Ignition of the coal deposit, while simultaneously preventing any production, forms a crumbled network of coal in the coal deposit for propagation of a combustion front through the coal seam by injection of a second combustion supporting gas. The amount of combustion movement is directly proportional to the oxygen injection rate so that the advancement of the combustion front may be controlled as it moves throughout the coal deposit. The requirement of creating the combustion front is alleviated in that the combustion front is already initiated during the fracture network formation and propagated by the subsequent injection of a second combustion front throughout the coal deposit. It is understood that by any of the processes described, a reverse combustion drive may be induced by reversing injection of the combustible gas into the production wells.

To more fully understand the application of the present process, referral to FIG. 1 is suggested. In FIG. 1, an injection well 110 is completed from the earth's surface 101, through overburden 102, through coal bed 103 and is spudded into underlaying formation 105. The well 110 is sealed by a wellbore liner 109 and casing 108 to a point midway in the coal bed 103. The lower portion of the coal bed 103 and underlaying formation being left as an open hole 106. A wellhead 112 is connected to the wellbore liner 109 so that fluids may be introduced into well 110. Retrievable isolation means, for example a packer 111, are placed in the well 110 at a point slightly below the mid-section of the coal bed 103 by shoe 107 such that the subsequent introduction of a hydraulic fluid at pressures higher than the overburden pressure create a radially extending horizontal fracture 104 through the coal bed 103 to subsequent offsetting wells.

FIG. 2 typifies the resultant crumbled coal bed 228 produced by the process for forming a fracture network as described previously. The injection well 210 and offset production well 220 are completed in similar fashion with respective cement 208 and 218 and casing 209 and 219 as described for FIG. 1. It is noted, however, that production well 220 is completed to the top of the coal bed 203. Compressor 213, having inlet 214, through which a combustible gas is supplied, is connected to wellhead 212 such that combustible gas is introduced into the formation and propagates a combustion front 226 through the crumbled coal bed 228 leaving behind charred residual 227. Combustible gas and coal tar liquids are produced from wellhead 222 and thereby introduced into scrubber-separator 223 from which dry combustible gas 224 is produced overhead as liquid coal tar products 225 are produced from the bottom.

It is conceivable that pure oxygen may be utilized in the fracturing process, whereas it is generally not thought to be safe or economic, in that the depth of most coal seams subjected to this method is generally not more than several hundred feet, thereby requiring very little safety equipment and a lesser tendency for pre-ignition of materials within the wellbore while oxygen is being loaded into the formation.

A preferred method for controlling the temperature of the flame front, but more particularly to adjust the calorific value of the produced gas, is by the simultaneous injection of water with the combustion supporting gas. A water-gas shift reaction is then obtained at the site of the combustion front which yields a considerably enhanced calorific content produced gas and lowers the temperature of the combustion front. This temperature lowering results in a decreased loss of heat to the surrounding strata and a decrease in the destructive degradation of coal tar liquids. The particular reaction of the water-gas shift reaction is presented below:

The increased hydrogen content of the produced gas yields a high energy content energy source gas.

When the present invention is applied to the art of in situ combustion of coal seams it provides an effective means for the combustion and reclamation of coal tar liquids and produced gas in order that a greater area extent of the coal seam may be contacted. The invention enhances the art of in situ combustion of subterranean coal deposits by allowing an economic and facile method for the combustion and reclamation of energy from these deposits.

The present invention has been described herein with respect to the particular embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, however, that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as presented.

I claim:

1. A process for the combustion of coal in subterranean deposits which comprises:

a. completing two or more wells within the coal deposit;

b. inducing a radially extended horizontal fracture in the coal deposit so as to inter-connect the wells;

c. subjecting the coal deposit to an excess of a first combustion supporting gas at a pressure greater than the overburden pressure;

d. igniting the coal deposit while simultaneously preventing any production therefrom so as to form a network of crumbled coal within the coal deposit;

e. injecting a second combustion supporting gas into one or more wells to form a combustion front; and

f. producing combustible gas and coal tar liquids from one or more wells.

2. The process of claim 1 in which:

a. the first combustion supporting gas is oxygen; and

b. the second combustion supporting gas is air.

3. The process of claim 2 in which the radially extended horizontal fracture is induced by hydraulic fracturing.

4. The process of claim 1 further comprising the simultaneous injection of water with the combustion supporting gas so that a water-gas shift reaction is provided to increase the calorific content of the produced gas.

5. The process of claim 1 further comprising introducing a combustion supporting gas into at least one production well subsequent to the injection of the second combustion supporting gas into the ignited wells to cause a reverse combustion and flow of injected gas, produced gas, and coal ,tar liquids to the previously ignited wells. 

2. The process of claim 1 in which: a. the first combustion supporting gas is oxygen; and b. the second combustion supporting gas is air.
 3. The process of claim 2 in which the radially extended horizontal fracture is induced by hydraulic fracturing.
 4. The process of claim 1 further comprising the simultaneous injection of water with the combustion supporting gas so that a water-gas shift reaction is provided to increase the calorific content of the produced gas.
 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising introducing a combustion supporting gas into at least one production well subsequent to the injection of the second combustion supporting gas into the ignited wells to cause a reverse combustion and flow of injected gas, produced gas, and coal tar liquids to the previously ignited wells. 